The body cannot produce vitamin B12 independently, so it must be obtained through dietary sources such as meat, fish, dairy products, and fortified foods, or via supplementation
AHK-Cu, or Alanine-Histidine-Lysine-Copper, is a naturally occurring tripeptide complexed with copper that has been investigated for its role in activating copper-dependent enzymatic processes and modulating extracellular matrix proteins involved in tissue structure and repair
NNMT is an enzyme that methylates nicotinamide, consuming S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in the process
For example, people who have pernicious anemia, a condition in which they cannot make intrinsic factor which is needed for B12 absorption are not able to use vitamin B12 from foods or dietary supplements
doi: 10.1038/s41418-021-00833-9 190 ZhaoXDiQYuJQuanJXiaoYZhuHet al