For sleep apnea The SURMOUNT-OSA trial showed benefits at 52 weeks
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Managing Side Effects Common, usually mild, side effects include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, heart burn and decreased appetite
The adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were applied to assess the association of GLP-1 RAs with the risk of DR
Their primary mechanisms of action include: Enhancing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner, which helps lower blood glucose levels without causing hypoglycaemia when used alone Suppressing glucagon release from pancreatic alpha cells, reducing hepatic glucose production Slowing gastric emptying , which prolongs satiety and reduces appetite Acting on appetite centres in the brain , particularly the hypothalamus, to reduce food intake Most GLP-1 receptor agonists are administered via subcutaneous injection, with dosing frequencies ranging from twice daily to once weekly depending on the specific formulation