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Several investigations have explored its interaction with nitric oxide pathways and vascular repair mechanisms
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Figure 1 (D) DC regulation: Vitamin D 3 suppresses NF-B signaling to inhibit the expression of mature related molecule LAMP3 (197), and reduce maturation marker CD83, downregulates costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86, decreases IL-12 production, and induces tolerogenic DC phenotype ( + T cell: downregulates perforin and granzyme B expression in CTLs, attenuating cytotoxicity ( (E) T cell regulation: Regulate CD4 + T cell differentiation, inhibit Th1 (down-regulate T-bet, reduce IFN-, TNF-) and Th17 ( (F) B cell regulation: Vitamin D 3 inhibits B cell maturation, differentiation, and antibody secretion by reducing Tfh cell IL-21 secretion and downregulating CXCL13 expression (198)
So GLP-1 exerts broad benefits like suppressing appetite, delaying gastric emptying, decreasing glucose production as well as lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases [3][5]
