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4.6.2 Retinal disease Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes and the leading cause of preventable blindness among working-age individuals ( The secretion of VEGF and IL-6 is crucial in diabetic eye diseases ( A meta-analysis was done which indicates that albiglutide is linked to a higher risk of early-stage DR compared to placebo, while showing a reduced risk of late-stage DR compared to insulin ( 4.7 Pregnancy-related effects Although type 2 diabetes and obesity have been effectively treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists, their role in pregnancy and breastfeeding has been a controversial debate due to potential risks to the mothers health and fetal outcomes ( Since none of the GLP-1RA are approved in pregnancy, a cohort study approved the potency of liraglutide, in early pregnancy, despite its adverse outcomes such as preterm birth, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) ( An observational cohort study involving 168 pregnant women exposed to GLP-1 receptor agonists during the first trimester found a 2.6% prevalence of major birth defects, comparable to 2.3% in the diabetic reference group

Med., 7 (4), 232239

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Oberbauer R, Krivanek P, Turnheim K

PMCID: PMC8505337