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Blom RM, Figee M, Vulink N, and Denys D

Although sperm cryopreservation prior to gonadotoxic therapy is a standard fertility-preserving approach [21], freezing and thawing processes often result in cryoinjury, reducing sperm viability, membrane integrity, and motility [22, 23]

It examines its combined effects with hydration strategies on endurance performance in swimmers, comparing it against a standard single-dose method: a standard protocol (2 g of LC taken 60 min before exercise) and an experimental protocol (1 g of LC taken 90 and 60 min before exercise)

Declarations Funding Work in the authors laboratories was supported in part by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grants R01 DK102142 (HJ) and R01 DK125465 (AR), as well as by National Institute of General Medical Sciences-funded Liver Disease COBRE grants P20 GM103549 (HJ) and P30 GM118247 (HJ)

Cell-mediated immunity plays a central role, with nave CD4 + T cells differentiating into effector subsets upon antigen recognition: Th1 cells secrete IFN-, IL-2, and TNF-, inducing MHC class II expression and promoting Fas-mediated apoptosis of thyrocytes