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Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that p53 may regulate the abnormal differentiation of osteoclasts through the p53/forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3) signaling pathway, thereby modulating ferroptosis in chondrocytes (Zhao et al., 2025)

The extract also modulates cytokine balance by decreasing levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, IFN-, and increasing IL-10, alongside downregulating mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory mediators like IL-6, TGF-, and MMP-2.Mechanistically, the extract exerts anti-RA effects by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-B nuclear translocation, thereby suppressing inflammatory signaling cascades, and activating the SIRT1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis to enhance antioxidant capacity

However, the measurement of the innate and adaptive immune responses in ME/CFS patients has resulted in conflicting abnormal results (235)

Originally trained in Family Medicine through Rush Presbyterian St

Consistent with above reports, Lalli et al