A visual summary of the guideline is available in Figure 1
It is likely that increasing the excise tax to 80 or 90 PHP could provide further economic benefit at the population level, and, among people who smoke, increasing the excise tax by at least 20 PHP has the potential to reduce pack purchases, increase thoughts of quitting, and enhance perceived product harm
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Thus, disclaimers do not appear able to undo the misleadingness of advertising claims
Research shows that nicotine in e-cigarettes increases the infiltration of inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, from the blood into the airways, stimulates the production of type 2 inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and promotes mucin secretion, exacerbating airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, ultimately worsening asthma [66, 67]