ASD typically emerges within the first 3 years of life, during which affected toddlers often show difficulties expressing emotions, establishing social connection, and developing age-appropriate relationships
Oxidative stress activates NUPR1 by both ER stress (METH [79] and H2O2 [80]) and non-ER stress pathways, NUPR1 regulates ferroptosis via iron metabolism, ROS homeostasis, and the GSH/GPX4 pathway [81, 82]
This dual action, increasing fat breakdown while blocking fat formation, creates a metabolic environment that favors net fat loss even when caloric intake is not dramatically reduced
10.1210/jc.2014-4024 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Associated Data This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article
Increasing evidence suggests that long-term exposure to air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ozone, significantly raises the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases [147,148,149,150]