We know combusted tobacco is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular disease and though the toxicity of e-cigarette aerosol is much lower than that of cigarette smoke, most e-cigarettes and HTPs contain nicotine, which has a number of adverse effects on the cardiovascular system stimulating heart rate, increasing blood pressure, and ultimately promoting the increase of cardiac output
Yes, it makes it more susceptible to bacteria and other pathogens that can cause infections in the surgical area
Central Intelligence Agency (2023) Guam. The World Factbook, January 11, 2023
It might be from an infection, a substance you ingested or digestive chemicals
Currently, there are no large, high-quality randomised controlled trials (the gold standard in research evidence) that definitively show smoking causes IBS or directly worsens IBS symptoms