Blood serum of anonymous donors was obtained from West-Tallinn Central Hospital (Estonia) and the study approval was obtained from Tallinn Medical Research Ethics Committee
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It is non-essential and conditionally essential in humans, meaning the body can usually synthesize sufficient amounts of it, but in some instances of stress, the body's demand for glutamine increases, and glutamine must be obtained from the diet
Increased intestinal permeability and a weakened gut barrier lead to higher levels of cytokines, potentially contributing to OP
As a peptide derived from human gastric juice, it is natively resistant to low pH and proteolytic enzymes