A comprehensive meta-analysis of nine casecontrol studies involving over 21,000 participants demonstrated that individuals who had ever smoked had a significantly higher risk of PBC compared to never-smokers (pooled OR: 1.31
The serious health risks of snuff While the risk of lung cancer is lower compared with cigarettes, snuff has plenty of other health risks, including higher risk of cancers of the mouth (such as the tongue, gums, and cheek), esophagus, and pancreas higher risk of heart disease and stroke harm to the developing teenage brain dental problems, such as discoloration of teeth, gum disease, tooth damage, bone loss around the teeth, tooth loosening or loss higher risk of premature birth and stillbirth among pregnant users
2019;8(Suppl 1):S36
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
Oxidative Stress: Tobacco introduces free radicals and toxins that cause oxidative stress, leading to inflammation and cellular damage